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Kampeni ya M23 (2022–pano)

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The kampeni ya M23 ndi mndandanda wa nkhondo zachiwembu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi March 23 Movement (M23), gulu la achiwembu lomwe limathandizidwa ndi dziko la Rwanda ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, kuyambira mu Marichi 2022. Mu Novembala 2021, gulu la M23 lidayamba kuukira asilikali a DRC (FARDC) ndi MONUSCO, ndikulanda malo ankhondo ku Ndiza, Cyanzu, ndi Runyoni ku chigawo cha kumpoto kwa Kivu.[1] Izi zinachitika pa nthawi imene Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) idatumizidwa kuderali kuti ikalimbane ndi Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), gulu la achiwembu ochokera ku Uganda lomwe likuchita ntchito zantopola ku chigawo cha kumpoto kwa Kivu ndi Ituri ku Congo.[2][3][4][5]

Mavuto anawonjezeka pakati pa Marichi ndi June 2022, pamene M23 idalanda madera ofunikira mu dera laRutshuru , kuphatikizapo mzinda wa malire wa Bunagana, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti asilikali a DRC athawire ku Uganda.[2][1][6][7] Uganda inanenetsa kuti Rwanda idakonza zaukali izi kuti isokoneze ntchito za UPDF motsutsana ndi ADF, pamene Rwanda inayankha kuti Uganda ikugwiritsa ntchito anthu a M23 kuti ayopseze chitetezo cha dziko lawo.[2] DRC inatsutsa Rwanda pofuna kuti apereke zida ndi kukonza zaukali, zomwe UN Security Council idatsimikizira mu lipoti.[2] Koma Rwanda ndi M23, nawonso, anatsutsa kuti DRC ikugwirizana ndi Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) ndipo anati cholinga chawo chinali kuteteza Banyamulenge motsutsana ndi ziwawa za FDLR.[8][9] Lipoti la UNSC linatchula kuti kulowera kwa asilikali a Rwanda ku DRC kunayamba asanatchulidwe mgwirizano wa FARDC-FDLR, ndipo akatswiri ananena kuti kubwerera kwa M23 kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi zosowa zachuma osati chifukwa cha ndale kapena chitetezo.[10][2]

Mavuto anachititsa kuti zigawo zina zadziko la East African Community (EAC) zitumize East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) kuti isinthe momwe zinthu zilili.[11] Pa 26 January 2023, M23 idalanda Kitchanga.[12] DRC, itatopa ndi kusachita kanthu kwa EACRF, idafunsa thandizo lankhondo kuchokera ku Southern African Development Community (SADC) ndikukhazikitsa gulu la asilikali apadera, zomwe zidapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zigulu zankhondo pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka Wazalendo pafupi ndi madera omwe M23 inali ikuwongolera.[13] Mu June 2023, Human Rights Watch idalemba za ziwawa zambiri zomwe zidachitika ndi M23, kuphatikizapo kuphedwa kosavomerezeka, zankhondo za kugonana, ndi milandu yankhondo ina, ndikunena kuti Rwanda inathandizira.[14] UNSC kenako idapempha kuti atsogoleri a M23 alandire chilango ndikulimbikitsa kuti akuluakulu a Rwanda olamulira nawo akutsutsidwa chifukwa cha ziwawa.[14] Pofika March 2024, M23 idayambanso zaukali, kuphatikizapo kulowerera kumpoto kwa Rutshuru, ndikulanda Rwindi ndi nsomba ya Vitshumbi pafupi ndi Lake Edward.[15] Lipoti lina la UNSC la April linanena kuti pali asilikali a Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) pakati pa 3,000 ndi 4,000 omwe ali kum'mawa kwa DRC, kuposa asilikali a M23 okwana 3,000.[15][16] Mu June 2024, M23 ndi RDF adalanda Kanyabayonga ndi Kirumba ndikulowa ku Lubero Territory koyamba.[15] Zoyesayesa zach diplomasi, zomwe zidayendetsedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Angola João Lourenço, zinagwa pambuyo poti Purezidenti Paul Kagame sanapite ku msonkhano wa atatu ku Luanda pa 15 December, womwe unali wokonzedwa kuti ukambirane za nkhani ya FDLR limodzi ndi Purezidenti Félix Tshisekedi ndi Purezidenti Lourenço.[17][18][19][20][21] Kusowa kwa Rwanda kunalimbikitsa kukayikira kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwake kum'mawa kwa DRC kumayendetsedwa makamaka ndi zosowa zachuma, makamaka kupeza Kivu's mineral resources, osati chifukwa cha chitetezo.[22][23][24]

Kuyambira mu January 2025, M23 idayamba kupita patsogolo kwambiri molunjika ku Goma ndi Bukavu, zomwe ndi likulu la North Kivu ndi South Kivu, motsogozedwa ndi uthandizo womwe umanenedwa kuchokera ku Rwanda, zomwe zinakulitsa mavuto pakati pa maiko awiriwa. Pofika 30 January, M23 idalanda Goma yonse ndiyeno inayamba kupita ku Bukavu, ndikulanda mzindawu pa 16 February. Atalanda Goma, M23 idalengeza zolinga zawo zoti azipita ku Kinshasa.[25]

Zolemba

[Sinthani | sintha gwero]
  1. 1 2 "The Resurgence of the M23: Regional Rivalries, Donor Policy, and a Stalled Peace Process" (PDF). Ebuteli. Congo Research Group (CRG). 6 August 2024. pp. 17–20. Retrieved 1 February 2025. line feed character in |ref= at position 30 (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Le Rwanda et la RDC risquent la guerre avec l'émergence de la nouvelle rébellion du M23: Une explication" [Rwanda and DRC risk war with the emergence of the new M23 rebellion: An explanation]. Africa Center for Strategic Studies (in French). 11 July 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  3. ↑ "DRC-Uganda: Civilians must be protected during joint military operations". Amnesty International. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  4. ↑ "Uganda's Operation Shujaa in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Fighting the ADF or Securing Economic Interests?" (PDF). Center on International Cooperation. 14 June 2022. p. 4. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  5. ↑ "DR Congo 'authorises' Ugandan troops to hunt rebel group on its soil". France 24. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  6. ↑ Schwikowski, Martina (8 April 2022). "M23 rebels resurface in DR Congo". DW News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named schlindwein
  8. ↑ "Regional Powers Should Drive Diplomacy in DR Congo as M23 Surrounds Goma". International Crisis Group (in English). 30 November 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  9. ↑ "Apaiser les Tensions dans l'Est de la RD Congo et les Grands Lacs" [Easing Tensions in Eastern DR Congo and the Great Lakes]. International Crisis Group. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  10. ↑ Stearns, Jason (17 August 2022). "Faut-il parler des FDLR à chaque fois qu'on évoque le M23?" [Should we talk about the FDLR every time we talk about the M23?]. Congo Research Group (Groupe d'étude sur le Congo) (in French). Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  11. ↑ CRG 2024, pp. 21–22
  12. ↑ CRG 2024, pp. 25–26
  13. ↑ CRG 2024, pp. 27–30
  14. 1 2 "DR Congo: Killings, Rapes by Rwanda-Backed M23 Rebels". Human Rights Watch (in English). 13 June 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 CRG 2024, pp. 31–32
  16. ↑ "Rwandan soldiers fighting with M23 rebels in DR Congo, says UN report". France 24 (in English). Paris, France. 8 July 2024. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  17. ↑ Fabricius, Peter (13 December 2024). "RDC-Rwanda: un accord de paix fragile" [DRC-Rwanda: a fragile peace agreement]. Institute for Security Studies (in English). Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  18. ↑ Bendhaou, Fatma (15 December 2024). "RDC-Rwanda-Angola: Le sommet tripartite entre les présidents Tshisekedi, Kagame et Lourenço annulé" [DRC-Rwanda-Angola: Tripartite summit between Presidents Tshisekedi, Kagame and Lourenço cancelled]. Aa.com.tr (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  19. ↑ Botela, Cédric (15 December 2024). "Crise à l'Est: Annulation du sommet tripartite RDC-Rwanda-Angola" [Crisis in the East: Cancellation of the tripartite summit DRC-Rwanda-Angola]. Congoquotidien.com (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  20. ↑ "Tripartite annulée à Luanda: Kagame absent, sommet réduit à un bilatéral Tshisekedi-Lourenço" [Tripartite cancelled in Luanda: Kagame absent, summit reduced to a bilateral Tshisekedi-Lourenço]. Actualite.cd (in French). 15 December 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  21. ↑ "La tripartite RDC-Rwanda-Angola annulée" [The DRC-Rwanda-Angola tripartite cancelled]. Radio Okapi (in French). 15 December 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  22. ↑ "Invasion rwandaise: le prétexte des FDLR en RDC détruit à l'UA" [Rwandan invasion: FDLR pretext in DRC destroyed at AU]. Mediacongo.net (in French). 16 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  23. ↑ De lagarde, Antoine (30 January 2025). ""Quand l"Occident intervient au Congo, il est accusé de néocolonialisme et quand il n'intervient pas, il est accusé de s'en désintéresser"" ["When the West intervenes in the Congo, it is accused of neocolonialism and when it does not intervene, it is accused of not being interested".]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  24. ↑ Berthemet, Tanguy (29 January 2025). "RDC: le Kivu, une région riche en minerais, théâtre d'une guerre de trente ans" [DRC: Kivu, a region rich in minerals, scene of a thirty-year war]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  25. ↑ Asadu, Chinedu; Kabumba, Justin (30 January 2025). "Rwanda-backed rebels in eastern Congo say they plan to take their fight to the capital". AP News (in English). Retrieved 1 February 2025.
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