Chilankhulo Cha ChiTumbuka

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Chitumbuka ndi Chiyankhulo chachi Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Tanzania.[1] Chimadziwikanso kuti Chitumbuka kapena Citumbuka — mawu akuti chi- kutsogolo kwa Tumbuka amatanthauza "m'njira ya", ndipo pankhaniyi amatanthauza "chilankhulo cha [[anthu a Tumbuka]]". Chitumbuka chili m’gulu la chinenero chimodzi (Guthrie Zone N) monga Chewa ndi Sena.[2]

Bungwe la World Almanac (1998) likuyerekeza kuti pali anthu pafupifupi 2,000,000 (mu chaka cha 1998) olankhula Chitumbuka, ngakhale magwero ena amati ndi ochepa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri olankhula Chitumbuka amati amakhala ku Malawi.[1] Chitumbuka ndi zinenero zomwe zimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Northern Malawi, makamaka ku Rumphi, Mzuzu, ndi [[Maboma a Mzimba]]. Panopa ChiTumbuka chili ndi anthu oposa 8 miliyoni.[3]

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Chitumbuka chomwe chimalankhulidwa m'matauni a Malawi (omwe amabwereka mawu kuchokera ku Swahili ndi Chewa) ndi "mudzi" kapena "zakuya" Tumbuka m’midzi. Mtundu wa Rumphi nthawi zambiri umadziwika kuti ndi "chilankhulo choyera", ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa "Tumbuka weniweni".[4] Chiyankhulo cha Mzimba wakhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Zulu (chiNgoni),[5] even so far as to have clicks mawu ngati chitha [ʇʰitʰa] "kodza", omwe samapezeka m'zilankhulo zina.

M'mbiri yonse ya dziko la Malawi Chitumbuka ndi Achewa nthawi zina zakhala zilankhulo zomwe akuluakulu aboma amagwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, chilankhulo cha Chitumbuka chinavutika kwambiri muulamuliro wa Pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, chifukwa mu 1968 chifukwa cha mfundo ya dziko limodzi lokhala ndi chinenero chimodzi chinasiya kukhala chinenero chovomerezeka m’Malawi. . Izi zinachititsa kuti a Tumbuka achotsedwe pa maphunziro a sukulu, wailesi ya dziko lonse, ndi ma print media. zinayambikanso pawailesi, koma chiwerengero cha mabuku ndi zofalitsa zina m’Chitumbuka chidakali chochepa.[6]

Malemba[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Temwa kuyankhula Chitumbuka

Njira ziwiri zolembera Chitumbuka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito: kalembedwe kakale (kagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitsanzo mu Wikipedia ya Chitumbuka ndi m’nyuzipepala ya Fuko), mmene mawu monga {{lang|tum|banthu} } 'people' ndi chaka 'year' alembedwa ndi 'b' ndi 'ch', komanso kalembedwe katsopano ka boma (kogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo mu mtanthauzira mawu wa Citumbuka wofalitsidwa pa intaneti ndi Center for Language Studies ndi m’Baibulo la pa intaneti), m’mene mawu ofananawo amalembedwa ndi ‘mira’ ndi ‘c’, mwachitsanzo. ŵanthu and caka. ( Phokoso la ndi lozungulira kwambiri [w] limatchulidwa ndi lilime moyandikira-i.) [7]Pali kusatsimikizika kwina komwe mungalembe 'r' ndi kuti 'l', mwachitsanzo. cakulya (Dictionary) or cakurya (Bible) 'food'. (Kwenikweni [l] ndi [r] ali maalofoni ofanana phoneme.) Pali kukayikiranso pakati pa kalembedwe 'sk' ndi 'sy' (onse {{lang|tum|miskombe}) } ndi misyombe ('nsungwi') akupezeka mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka).[8]

Malembo ake[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Mavawelo[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Mavawelo omwewo /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ ndi syllabic /m̩/ amapezeka m'Chitumbuka monga m'chinenero choyandikana nawo Chewa.[9] thumb|Tumbuka moni "Monile" kutanthauza "Moni".

Makonsonati[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Makonsonanti a Chitumbuka amafanananso ndi a Chewa oyandikana nawo, koma amasiyana. Mawu osalekeza akuti /ɣ/, /β/ ndi /h/, omwe palibe kapena m'mphepete mwa Chewa, amapezeka m'Chitumbuka. Zinanso zodziwika bwino ndi mawu omveka /vʲ/, /fʲ/, /bʲ/, /pʲ/, /skʲ/, /zgʲ/, ndi /ɽʲ/. M’Chitumbuka mulibe ma affricates monga Chichewa /psʲ/, /bzʲ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Maphokoso a /s/ ndi /z/ samachotsedwa m'mphuno m'Chitumbuka, kotero kuti Chewa

rds) a Tumbuka; mwachitsanzo Low (yoyoyo 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High (fyá: 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low (phúli 'kuphulika kwa chinthu'), ndi Kutsika Kwambiri (yií 'kutayika mwadzidzidzi'), etc.[10]

Ku Tumbuka kumagwiritsanso ntchito malankhulidwe amitundumitundu; mwachitsanzo, mu mafunso inde-ayi nthawi zambiri pamakhala kugwa Kwapamwamba-Kutsika pa syllable yomaliza ya funso:[11]

  • ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ? 'kodi inunso mukupalira chimanga?'

Zikuoneka kuti palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kamvekedwe ka mawu mu Chitumbuka ndi focus.[12]

Maina[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Maphunziro a mayina[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zilankhulo za Chibantu, mayina a Chitumbuka amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mayina malinga ndi mawu amodzi komanso ambiri. Gulu lirilonse la nauni liri ndi adjective, pronoun, ndi ma verb mapangano, omwe amadziwika kuti 'concords'. Kumene mapanganowo sakugwirizana ndi mawu oyamba, mapanganowo amakhala patsogolo posankha gulu la nauni. Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti katundu 'possessions', ngakhale lili ndi mawu oyamba ka-, limayikidwa m'kalasi 1, popeza wina amati katundu uyu 'awa katundu' pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha kalasi 1 uyu. Amalawi eni ake (monga mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka ya University of Malawi) amatchula mayina a mayina ndi mayina achikhalidwe monga "Mu-lina-"; Akatswiri a Bantu, komabe, amatchula makalasi ndi manambala (1/2 etc.) zogwirizana ndi mayina a zilankhulo zina za Bantu. Nthawi zina manauni sagwirizana ndi makalasi pansipa, mwachitsanzo. fumu 'chief' (class 9) mosakhazikika amakhala ndi mawu ambiri mafumu m'kalasi 6.

Class 1/2 (Mu-lina-)'

Maina ena m'kalasi ili alibe chiyambi Mu-:

  • Munthu pl. banthu (banthu) = munthu
  • Muzungu pl. bazungu (bazungu) = mlendo, mzungu
  • Mwana pl. ŵana (bana) = mwana
  • Bulu pl. babulu = bulu
  • Sibweni pl. basibweni = amalume a amayi
  • Katundu (no pl.) = katundu, katundu

Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)

  • Mutu pl. mitu = mutu
  • Mkuyu pl. mikuyu = mkuyu
  • Moyo pl. miyoyo = moyo
  • Mtima pl. mitima = mtima

Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)

  • Bele (bhele pl. mabele (mabhele) = bere
  • Boma (bhoma) pl. maboma (mabhoma) = boma, boma
  • Botolo (bhotolo) pl. mabotolo (mabhotolo) = botolo
  • Fuko pl. mafuko = fuko, fuko
  • Jiso pl. maso = diso
  • Maji (palibe umodzi) = madzi
  • Phiri pl. mapiri = phiri
  • Suzgo pl. masuzgo = vuto, vuto
  • Woko pl. mawoko = dzanja

Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)

  • Caka (chaka) pl. vyaka = chaka
  • Caro (charo) pl. vyaro = dziko, dziko
  • Cigawoto (chibeto) pl. viseto (vibeto) = farm animal
  • Cidakwa (chidakwa) pl. vidakwa = woledzera
  • Cikoti (chikoti) pl. vikoti = chikwapu

Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)

  • Mbale pl. mbale (mambale) = plate
  • Ndalama pl. ndalama = ndalama
  • Njelwa pl. njelwa = njerwa
  • Nkhuku pl. nkuku = nkhuku
  • Somba pl. somba = nsomba

Class 11 (Lu-)

Okamba ena amaona mawu m’kalasili ngati kuti ali m’kalasi 5/6.[13]

  • Lwande = mbali
  • Lumbiri = kutchuka
  • Lulimi = lilime

Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)

  • Kanthu (kantu) pl. tunthu (tuntu) = chinthu chaching'ono
  • Kamwana pl. tubalana (tubana) = mwana
  • Kayuni pl. tuyuni = mbalame
  • Tulo (no singular) = kugona

Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)

Mainawa nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka ndipo alibe zambiri.

  • Usiku = usiku
  • Ulimi = ulimi
  • Ulalo pl. maulalo = bridge
  • Uta pl. mauta = uta

Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive

  • Kugula = kugula, kugula
  • Kwiba (kwibha) = kuba, kuba

Makalasi 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative

  • Pasi = underneath
  • Kunthazi (kuntazi) = in front, before
  • Mukati = inside

Concords[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Maverebu, ma adjectives, manambala, ziyeneretso, ndi matchulidwe mu Chitumbuka ayenera kugwirizana ndi dzina lomwe likutchulidwa. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes, infixes, kapena suffixes zotchedwa 'concords' zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi gulu la nauni. Kalasi 1 ili ndi ma concords osiyanasiyana, osiyana pa matchulidwe, mawu oyamba, chinthu, manambala, adjectives, ndi zotengera:[14][15][16]

  • Mwana uyu = mwana uyu
  • Mwana yumoza = one child
  • Mwana uyo = that child
  • Mwana yose = the whole child
  • [Mwana waliyo'se] Error: {{Lang}}: text has malformed markup (help) = every child
  • Mwana wakamuwona = the child saw him
  • Mwana muchoko (coko) = the small child
  • Mwana wa Khumbo = mwana wa Khumbo
  • Mwana wane = my child
  • Mwana wawona = the child has seen

Magulu ena a mayina ali ndi ma concords ang'onoang'ono, monga momwe tawonera patebulo ili pansipa:

Table of Tumbuka concords
dzina Chingerezi izi num kuti zonse gawo chinthu adj za perf
1 mwana child uyu yu- uyo yose wa- -mu- mu- wa wa-
2 ŵana ana wose}} ŵakambe- -bb-
3 mutu head uwu wu- uwo wose wu- -wu- wu- wa wa-
4 mitu heads iyi yi- iyo yose yi- -yi- yi- ya ya-
5 jiso eye ili li- ilo lose li- -li- li- la la-
6 maso eyes agha gha- agho ghose gha- -gha- gha- gha gha-
7 caka year ici ci- ico cose ci- -ci- ci- ca ca-
8 vyaka years ivi vi- vyo zonse vi- -vi- vi- vya vya-
9 nyumba house iyi yi- iyo yose yi- -yi- yi- ya ya-
10 nyumba houses izi zi- izo zose zi- -zi- zi- za za-
11 lwande side ulu lu- ulo lose lu- -lu- lu- lwa lwa-
(or: ili li- ilo lose li- -li- li- la la-)
12 kayuni bird aka ka- ako kose ka- -ka- ka- ka ka-
13 tuyuni birds utu tu- uto tose tu- -tu- tu- twa twa-
14 uta bow uwu wu- uwo wose wu- -wu- wu- wa wa-
15 kugula buying uku ku- uko kose ku- -ku- ku- kwa kwa-
16 pasi underneath apa pa- apo pose pa- -pa- pa- pa pa-
17 kunthazi in front uku ku- uko [kose] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: tum} (help) ku- -ku- ku- kwa kwa-
18 mukati inside umu mu- umo mose mu- -mu- mu- mwa mwa-

Zitsanzo za mawu ndi zolemba[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Mawu otsatirawa ndi awa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito munthu akapita kudera limene chinenero chawo chachikulu ndi Chitumbuka:

Tumbuka Chichewa
Moni Moni
Moni moni, kwa gulu la anthu
Muli makola?

Mwaŵa uli?

bwanji?
Muli makola?

Mwaŵa uli?

Muli bwanji?, kwa gulu la anthu
Nili makola Ndili bwino
Tili makola Tili bwino
Naonga (chomene) Zikomo (zambiri)
Yewo (chomene) Zikomo (zambiri)
Ndiwe bwanji?

Dzina lako ndani?

Zina lane ndine.... Dzina langa ndine....
Nyengo ili uli? Nthawi yanji?
Ningakuvwila? Kodi ndingakuthandizeni?
Uyende makola Tendani bwino/maulendo otetezeka
Mwende makola Tendani bwino/maulendo otetezeka

(anati kwa gulu la anthu)

Enya Inde
Yayi/Chala Ayi
Kwali Sindikudziwa
Mukumanya mawu Chizungu? Kodi mumatha kulankhula Chingerezi?
Nayambapo kutsata Chitumbuka Ndangoyamba kumene kuphunzira Chitumbuka
Mukung'anamula vichi? Mukutanthauza chiyani?
Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? Kodi ndingapite kuchimbudzi?
Namtumiki/Nkhudzedwa "Ndimakukondani"
Pepa Pepani
Phepani Pepani (kwa gulu la anthu)
Banja Banja
Yowoya Lankhulani/lankhulani

Mavesi[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Chiyambi chamutu[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Maverebu onse ayenera kukhala ndi chiyambi cha mutu, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dzina la mutu.[17] Mwachitsanzo, liwu lakuti ciŵinda 'hunter' ndi kalasi 7, choncho ngati liri lotsogolera, mneniyo amakhala ndi chiyambi ci-:

ciŵinda ci-ka-koma nkhalamu = 'mlenje anapha mkango'[18]

N'zothekanso kuti mutuwo ukhale dzina lamalo (makalasi 16, 17, 18), pamene mneniyo ali ndi chiyambi cha malo:[19]

pamphasa pa-ka-khala mwana = 'pa mphasa panakhala mwana'

Mawu akuti "ku- (kalasi 17) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati munthu pokambirana za nyengo:[20]

kukuzizima madazi ghano = 'kuzizira masiku ano'

Pamene mutuwo uli mloŵana waumwini, ma prefixes a mutu ali motere (mloŵa m'malo mwake akhoza kuchotsedwa, koma osati mutu wa mutu):

(ine) n-kha-gula = 'I bought' (nkha- stands for ni-ka-)
(iwe) u-ka-gula = 'you bought' (informal, singular)
(iyo)[21] wa-ka-gula = 'he, she bought'
(ise) ti-ka-gula = 'tinagula'
(imwe) mu-ka-gula = 'unagula' (zambiri kapena ulemu)
(iwo) ŵab-ka-gula = 'anagula', 'anagula' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)

M’chinenedwe changwiro, awa amafupikitsidwa ku n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-, mwachitsanzo. t-a-gula 'tagula'.

M’chiyankhulo cha Karonga, pa munthu wachitatu mmodzi a- amapezeka m'malo mwa wa-, ndipo chachitatu ndi wa- m'malo mwa wa-, kupatula mu nthawi yangwiro, pamene wa- ndi ba- agwiritsidwa ntchito.[22]

Chikhomo-chinthu[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Kuti muwonetse chinthu, mawu owonjezera atha kuwonjezeredwa ku mneni nthawi yomweyo muzu wa mneni usanachitike. Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro cha chinthu ndichosankha:[23]

{{lang|tum|Pokani wa(yi)gula galimoto} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)
[Changa waka('mu)nyamula katundu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) = 'Changa ananyamula katundu' (class 1)

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chimagwirizana ndi gulu la chinthucho, monga momwe tawonetsera pa tebulo la concords pamwambapa.

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chingakhalenso malo (makalasi 16, 17, kapena 18):[24]

Kondwani wa(pa)kwera pa nyumba = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'

Zolembera za malo oimira munthu ndi izi:[25]

waniona (ine) = 'wandiwona'
wakuona (iwe) = 'wakuwona'
wamuona = 'wamuona'
[wati'ona] Error: {{Lang}}: text has malformed markup (help) = 'watiwona'
wamuonani = 'wakuwonani' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)
wabaona = 'wawaona'

Nyengo[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Nthawi m'Chitumbuka imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono powonjezera ma infixes, ndipo pang'ono ndi ma suffixes. Mosiyana ndi Chichewa, mamvekedwe sapanga mbali iriyonse ya kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthawi imodzi ndi inzake.

M'mbuyomu kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi ya hodiernal (kutanthauza zochitika zamasiku ano) ndi nthawi zakutali (kutanthauza zochitika dzulo kapena nthawi ina yapitayo). Komabe, malire pakati pa posachedwapa ndi akutali si enieni.[26]

Kusiyana kwina kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi zakale ndi zangwiro. Nthawi yabwino ikagwiritsiridwa ntchito imakhala ndi tanthawuzo loti zotsatira zake zikadalipo panthawi yolankhula, mwachitsanzo: 'maungu afalikira (zathambala) pamunda'.[27] Ungwiro wapano utha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maverebu osonyeza momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano monga ndakhala 'I am sitting' kapena {{lang|tum|ndakondwa} } 'Ndine wokondwa'. Remote perfect is used for events that happened some back but the impact is still not today, such as libwe made 'the rock has fallen' or walikutayika ' iye (wamwalira) '.[28]

Nthawi zamtsogolo zimasiyanitsanso pafupi ndi zochitika zakutali. Nthawi zina zimatanthawuza kuti chochitikacho chidzachitika kwina, mwachitsanzo ndamukuchezga 'Ndipita ndikacheze'.[29]

Ma Compound tenses amapezekanso mu Chitumbuka, monga wati wagona 'he had slept', wa sauti kuti wafumapo 'he had just left' ndi wazamukuŵaŵa waguliska 'azamuguliska'.[30]

Nthawi zina za Chitumbuka[31]
Nkhani Chokhomera nthawi Chitsanzo Kumasulira
Pakali pano zopanda malire ku- ku-luta ‘to go'
Present simple -ku- wa-ku-luta ‘he/she goes/is going’
Chizoloŵezi chopezekapo -ku-...-anga wa-ku-lut-anga ‘he/she goes’ (olankhula ena okha)
Perekani mwangwiro -a- w-a-luta ‘wapita’
Perekani wangwiro mosalekeza -a-...-anga [w-'a-lut-anga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ‘he/she has been going'
Kutali kwangwiro -liku- wa-liku-luta ‘he/she has gone’
Zosavuta zaposachedwa -angu- w-angu-luta ‘he/she went’ (today)
Posachedwapa mosalekeza -angu-...-anga w-angu-lut-anga ‘he/she was going' (today)
Zosavuta zakutali -ka- wa-ka-luta ‘he/she went’
Kutali kupitirira mosalekeza -ka-...-anga wa-ka-lut-anga ‘he/she was going/used to go'
Posachedwapa ...-enge wa-lut-enge 'he will go' (now or today)
Emphatic future[32] -ti-...-enge wa-ti-lut-enge 'adzapita ndithu'
Distal future[33] -amu-(ku)- w-amuku-gula ‘he/she will buy’ (where else)
Zamtsogolo zakutali -zamu-(ku)- [wa-'zamu-luta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later)
Kutsogolo kwakutali mosalekeza -zamu-...-anga [wa-'zamu-lut-anga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later)
Present subjunctive -e ti-lut-e ‘tiyeni tipite'
Distal subjunctive -ka-...-e wa-ka-gul-e ‘kuti agule (kwina)'
Zotheka -nga- wa-nga-luta 'he can go'[34]

Nthawi zina zamtsogolo zimaperekedwa ndi Vail (1972) ndi ena.[35]

Mu munthu 1 mmodzi, ni-ku- ndi ni-ka- afupikitsidwa kukhala nkhu- ndi nkha-: nkhuluta ' I am going', 'I go', nkhalutanga 'I used to go'.[36]

Manenedwe oipa[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Popanga mneni m'Chitumbuka, mawu akuti yayi kapena cha(ra) amawonjezedwa kumapeto kapena kumapeto kwa ndimeyi. Zikuwoneka kuti yayi amakondedwa ndi olankhula achichepere:[37]

wakulemba kalata yayi
'sakulemba kalata'
tizamugwira ntchito cha machero
'sitigwira ntchito mawa'

Komabe, ndi nthawi yangwiro, pali mawonekedwe osiyana, kuwonjezera -nda- ndi kutha -e:[38]

[enya, n'akumana nawo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
"yes ndakumana naye"
yayi, nindakumane nawo
"ayi, sindinakumane naye"

Chikoka cha Ngoni pa Tumbuka[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Mawu achiNgoni (Chizulu/Ndwandwe) opezeka m'Chitumbuka:

Zinenero zonse za Chitumbuka zakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi chilankhulo cha Chingoni, makamaka m'boma la Mzimba m'dziko la Malawi. Ngoni ndi chilankhulo chomwe chinachokera kwa anthu a Ndwandwe omwe anali oyandikana ndi a Zulu asanagonjetsedwe ndi Azulu ndipo adatengedwa kukhala Zulu. Choncho chinenero chimene a Ndwandwe ankalankhula chinali chofanana ndi Chizulu. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mawu opezeka mu chitumbuka omwe ndi ochokera ku Chizulu/Ndwandwe, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mawuwa ali ndi mawu achitumbuka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito posinthana ndi olankhula, (kupatulapo 'munwe/minwe' kutanthauza 'chala/zala' Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zinalibe mnzake woyamba kapena mawu oyamba atayika).

Chichewa Tumbuka Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect
Onani | Wona Onani
Utsi | Khweŵa Bhema
Munthu | Mwanalume Doda
Namwali Mwali Nthombi

Chitsanzo cha Tumbuka[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Miyezi ku Tumbuka:

English Tumbuka
Januwale | | Matipa
February | | Muswela
March | | Nyakanyaka
April | | Masika
Mayi | Vuna
Juni | Zizima
July | | Mphepo
Ogasiti | | Mpulumutsi
September | | Lupya
October | | Zimya
November | | Thukila
December | | Vula

Chitsanzo cha nthano zomasuliridwa m'Chitumbuka ndi zilankhulo zina za Kumpoto kwa Malawi chaperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa zilankhulo za ku Northern Malawi wochitidwa ndi bungwe la Center for Language Studies la University of Malawi.[39] Nthano zachitumbuka zimapita motere:

KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)
Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya kukulya. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwake.
{{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda." Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wa

Maumboni[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Michigan State University African Studies Center information page.
  2. ↑ Kiso (2012) ), pp.21ff.
  3. ↑ University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.
  4. ↑ Kamwendo (2004), p.282.
  5. ↑ University of Malawi (2006), p.27.
  6. ↑ Onani Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero ku Northern Malawi (2006), tsamba 38-40 kuti mupeze mndandanda wa zofalitsa.
  7. ↑ Atkins, Guy (1950) "Maganizo for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.
  8. ↑ Onani zolembedwa citatanga, cidunga, { {lang|tum|cihengo}}.
  9. ↑ Vail (1972), p. 1.
  10. ↑ Moto (1999), pp.112-120.
  11. ↑ Downing (2008), p.55.
  12. ↑ Downing (2012), p.129.
  13. ↑ Shiozaki (2004).
  14. ↑ Chase (2004).
  15. ↑ Shiozaki (2004)
  16. ↑ Vail (1971)
  17. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 22.
  18. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 42.
  19. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 23.
  20. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 24.
  21. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 23. Koma Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. iye, have iye.
  22. ↑ McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.
  23. ↑ Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.
  24. ↑ Chavula (2016), p. 56.
  25. ↑ Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.
  26. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 176.
  27. ↑ Kiso. (2012), p. 171, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).
  28. ↑ Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.
  29. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 184, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).
  30. ↑ Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).
  31. ↑ Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.
  32. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 183, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).
  33. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, akunena Vail (1972). Kwa mawu akuti 'distal', onani Botne (1999)
  34. ↑ McNicholl (2010), p. 8.
  35. ↑ Onani Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.
  36. ↑ Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.
  37. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 190.
  38. ↑ Kiso (2012), p. 191.
  39. ↑ org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero, p. 60-64.
Kuchotsa https://ny.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilankhulo_Cha_ChiTumbuka&oldid=51736