User:Waganyu/Tuberculosis
References[Sinthani | sintha gwero]
Template:Infobox medical condition (new) Chifuwa chachikulu (TB) ndi matenda opatsirana omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya wa Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Matenda a chfuwa chachikulu amagwira mapapu, koma amathanso kukhudza ziwalo zina za thupi. Anthu ambiri ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse, ndipo zikatero zimakhala kuti chifukwa chachikulucho sichinayambe kuwonekera. Pafupifupi 10% ya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse amatha kuyamba kuonetsa zizindikiro ngati sanalandire thandizo lililonse la kuchipatala, ndipo hafu ya anthu oterewa amatha kumwalira ndi matendawa. Zizindikiro za matenda a TB zikuphatikizapo kukhosomola kwambiri mpaka kumalavula magazi, kutentha thupi, kutuluka thukuta usiku, ndiponso kuwonda. Matendawa ankadziwika kuti "oyamwa thupi" chifukwa choti anthu omwe akudwala amawonda kwambiri. Matendawa akagwira ziwalo zina munthuyo amatha kuyamba kusonyea zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana.
Chifuwa chachikulu chimafalikira kudzera mumpweya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akakhosomola, kulavula malovu, kulankhula kapena kuyetsemula . Anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kuonetsa zizindikiro sangapatsire anthu ena. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena monga HIV/Edzi komanso omwe amasuta fodya ndi omwe kawirikawiri amadwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu. Kuti madokotala azindikire ngati munthu ali ndi TB amafunika kumuunika m'mapapu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya X-ray, komanso kuyesa madzi a m'nthupi kuti aone ngati ali ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Koma kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro, zimadalira kuyeza khungu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa tuberculin skin test (TST) kapena kuyeza magazi.
Kupewa kwa chifuwa cha TB kumaphatikizapo kuwunika omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, kuzindikira matendawa asanayambe n'komwe ndi kulandikira thandizo la kuchipatala mofulumira komanso kulandira katemera wa bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Anthu omwe angatenge matendawa mosavuta ndi omwe akukhala nyumba imodzi ndi wodwala, anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito komanso anthu omwe angamacheze ndi wodwala chifuwa chachikulu. Thandizo la chipatala la matendawa likuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki ambiri kwanthawi yaitali. Nthawi zina tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sitimva mankhwala a maantibayotiki (MDR-TB) komanso sitimva mankhwala aliwonse a chifuwa chachikulu (XDR-TB).
Pofika m'chaka cha 2018 munthu m'modzi pa anthu anayi alionse padzikoli anali ali ndi zitilombo toyambitsa matenda a TB. Chaka chilichonse pamapezeka pafupifupi munthu m'modzi watsopano pa anthu 100 alionse amene izilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi mwake. Mu 2017, panali anthu oposa 10 miliyoni omwe amadwala TB zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu 1.6 mamiliyoni amwalire. Izi zinachititsa kuti chifukwa chachikulu chikhale poyambirira pa m'ndandanda wa matenda opatsirana omwe amapha anthu ambiri. Anthu oposa 95 pa 100 alionse omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa anali a m'mayiko osauka, ndipo mwa anthu amenewa, opitilira 50 pa 100 aliwonse anali a ku India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, ndi ku Philippines. Koma chiwerengero cha anthu atsopano omwe akumatenga matendawa chaka chilichonse chatsika kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000. Ndipo pafupifupi anthu 80 pa 100 alionse a m'maiko ambiri ku Asia ndi ku Africa anapezeka kuti ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matedawa atayezedwa ndi achipatala, pomwe oyambira pa 5 mpaka 10 pa 100 alionse a ku United States ndi amene anapezeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa chifuwa chachikulu. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu akhala akudwala chifuwa chachikulu kuyambira kale kwambiri.
Matenda a chifuwa chachikulu amatha kupatsirana gawo lililonse la thupi, koma amapezeka kwambiri m'mapapu (amadziwika kuti chifuwa chachikulu cha m'mapapo). TB ya extrapulmonary imachitika pamene chifuwa chachikulu chimatuluka kunja kwa mapapu, ngakhale kuti TB ya extrapulmonary imatha kukhala limodzi ndi TB ya m'mapapo.