Njira zolera

From Wikipedia

Template:Infobox interventions Mawu akuti kulera, omwe ndi ofanana ndi mawu kuti njira zolera kapena maleredwe, amatanthauza njira zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa kutenga pakati.[1] Koma kupanga mapulani, kusankha njira zolera, ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito kumatchedwa mapulani a banja.[2][3] Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kuyambira kale kwambiri, koma njira zothandizadi ndiponso zosaopsa zinayamba kupezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1900.[4] M'zikhalidwe zina, anthu salimbikitsidwa kapena kuloledwa kuti azigwiritsira ntchito njira zolera chifukwa zimaonedwa kuti n'zosemphana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, chipemphedzo chawo kapena maganizo a anthu ambiri m'deralo.[4]

Njira zolera zothandiza kwambiri ndi monga kutseka njira yodutsa mbewu ya abambo ndiponso kutseka njira mbewu ya amayi, kutseka khomo la chiberekeroLupu, ndiponso kuseri kwa khungu. Palinso njira zina monga zokhudza mahomoni ndipo zina mwa izo ndi mapilisi,machubu oika m'kati mwa khungu, maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo, ndiponso jakisoni. Njira zolera zomwe zimathandiza koma osati kwambiri ndi monga zinthu zotchingira monga makondomu, zotchinga kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo ndiponso thonje la kulera komanso kuzindikira nthawi imene mayi angatenge pakati. Pali njira zinanso zomwe n'zosadalirika, mongamankhwala opha mbewu ya abambondiponso kuchotsa chida cha abambo asanathire umuna pogonana. Njira yotseka ndi yothandiza kwambiri koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuti munthu aberekenso; pomwe njira zina zonsezo ubwino wake ndi wakuti munthu angathe kuberekanso akangosiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito.[5] Kugonana m'njira yotetezeka, monga kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu a abambo kapena makondomu a amayi, kungathandizenso kuti mupewe matenda opatsirana pogonana.[6][7] Njira zolera zapangozi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mayi apewe kutenga pakati ngati papita masiku angapo atagonana ndi mwamuna mosadziteteza.[8] Anthu ena amaona kuti kusagonana ndi aliyense ndi njira yabwino yolera, koma kuphunzitsa munthu kuti asamagonane ndi aliyense kungachititse atsikana ambiri kuti azitenga mimbakumachititsa atsikana kuti azitenga mimba ngati atsikanawo akungouzidwa kuti azikhala odziletsa koma osawapatsa njira zolerazo.[9][10]

Pakati pa atsikana ambiri amene amatenga mimba, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa kwambiri. Koma maphunziro akathithi okhudza zakugonana ndiponso kupereka njira zakulera zimathandiza kuti chiwerengero cha mimba zosafunikira chichepe pakata pa atsikana.[11][12] Ngakhale kuti achinyamata angathe kugwiritsira ntchito njira iliyonse ya kulera,[13]njira zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali komanso zosavuta kuzichotsa monga zoika kuseri kwa khungu, Lupu, kapena maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo, zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa mimba.[12] Mayi akangobereka mwana ndipo sakuyamwitsa kwambiri, angathe kutenganso pakati pakangopita milungu yochepa yokha, yoyambira pa inayi kufika pa 6. Njira zina zolera zingathe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale mayi atangobereka kumene, koma angafunikire kudikira kaye, mwina mpaka miyezi 6 kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Kwa amayi amene akuyamwitsa, njira zolera zopanda mahomini osokoneza mkaka wa m'mabere zimakhala bwino kuzigwiritsa ntchito poyerekezera ndi mapilisi. Ndipo kwa amayi amene afika msinkhu wosiya kusamba, zimakhala bwino kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kwa chaka chathunthu kuchokera pamene anasamba komaliza.[13]

Amayi pafupifupi 222 miliyoni omwe amafuna atapewa kutenga pakati m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene, sagwiritsa ntchito njiira zamakono zolera.[14][15] Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene kwathandiza kuti kuchepetsaimfa zokhudzana ndi ubereki ndi 40 peresenti (imfa pafupifupi 270,000 zinapewedwa mu 2008), ndipo njirazi zikanathandiza kuti kupewa imfa zofika pa 70 peresenti zikanakhala kuti aliyense akuzipeza mosavuta.[16][17] Popeza kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandiza kuti mayi asamatenge pakati pafupipafupi, zimathandiza mayiyo azibereka ana athanzi komanso kumachepetsa mpata woti anawo angamwalire pobadwa kapena akangobadwa kumene.[16] M'mayiko olemera, chuma chimene amayi amapeza, katundu,kulemera kwa thupi laawo, komanso sukulu zimene ana awo amapita ndiponso umoyo wawo, zimakhala zabwino chifukwa choti amapeza mosavuta njira zolera.[18] Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandizanso kuti chuma chikwere chifukwa banja limakhala ndi ana ochepa oti n'kumawasamalira, amayi ambiri amagwira ntchito, ndipo zinthu zofunika pamoyo zimakhala zosavuta kuzipeza.[18][19]

Malifalensi[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

  1. ↑ "Definition of Birth control". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  2. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. June 2012.
  3. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). "Family planning". Health topics. World Health Organization (WHO).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hanson, S.J.; Burke, Anne E. (21 December 2010). "Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion". In Hurt, K. Joseph; Guile, Matthew W.; Bienstock, Jessica L.; Fox, Harold E.; Wallach, Edward E. (eds.). The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 382–395. ISBN 978-1-60547-433-5. Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3.
  6. ↑ Taliaferro, L. A.; Sieving, R.; Brady, S. S.; Bearinger, L. H. (2011). "We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will?". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 22 (3): 521–543, xii. PMID 22423463.
  7. ↑ Chin, H. B.; Sipe, T. A.; Elder, R.; Mercer, S. L.; Chattopadhyay, S. K.; Jacob, V.; Wethington, H. R.; Kirby, D.; Elliston, D. B. (2012). "The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42 (3): 272–294. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006. PMID 22341164.
  8. ↑ Gizzo, S; Fanelli, T; Di Gangi, S; Saccardi, C; Patrelli, TS; Zambon, A; Omar, A; D'Antona, D; Nardelli, GB (October 2012). "Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications". Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 28 (10): 758–63. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.662546. PMID 22390259.
  9. ↑ DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L (June 2002). "Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 324 (7351): 1426. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426. PMC 115855. PMID 12065267.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Duffy, K.; Lynch, D. A.; Santinelli, J. (2008). "Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 84 (6): 746–748. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.188. PMID 18923389.
  11. ↑ Black, A. Y.; Fleming, N. A.; Rome, E. S. (2012). "Pregnancy in adolescents". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 23 (1): 123–138, xi. PMID 22764559.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rowan, S. P.; Someshwar, J.; Murray, P. (2012). "Contraception for primary care providers". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 23 (1): 95–110, x–xi. PMID 22764557.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2011). Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. pp. 260–300. ISBN 978-0-9788563-7-3.
  14. ↑ "Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012" (pdf). United Nations Population Fund. June 2012. p. 1.
  15. ↑ Carr, B.; Gates, M. F.; Mitchell, A.; Shah, R. (2012). "Giving women the power to plan their families". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 80–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2. PMID 22784540.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cleland, J; Conde-Agudelo, A; Peterson, H; Ross, J; Tsui, A (Jul 14, 2012). "Contraception and health". Lancet. 380 (9837): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6. PMID 22784533.
  17. ↑ Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A. O. (2012). "Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 111–125. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4. PMID 22784531.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Canning, D.; Schultz, T. P. (2012). "The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 165–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7. PMID 22784535.
  19. ↑ Van Braeckel, D.; Temmerman, M.; Roelens, K.; Degomme, O. (2012). "Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development". The Lancet. 380 (9837): 84–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7. PMID 22784542.
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