Posttraumatic stress disorder

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Matenda a nkhawa amene amayamba chifukwa choti munthu wakumana ndi nkhanza kapena mavuto ena (PTSD)[note 1] ali m’gulu la matenda a muubongo ndipo ambiri amayamba matendawa chifukwa chokumana ndi zinthu zoopsa monga kugwiriridwa, nkhondo, ngozi za pamsewu, kapena zinthu zina zoopsa.[1] Zina mwa zizindikiro za matendawa ndi kuvutika malingaliro, maganizo, kusasangalala, kapenanso maloto oopsa ogwirizana ndi zimene zinachitikazo, kusinthasintha makhalidwe kuvutika maganizo mpaka mantha aakulu ukakumbukira zimene zinachitikazo, kusinthasintha maganizo ndiponso mmene ukumvera mumtima, kusachedwa kupsa mtima kapena kukhala ndi mantha.[1][2] Munthu amatha kusonyeza zizindikiro zimenezi kwa nthawi yopitirira pa mwezi umodzi zoopsa zimene anakumana nazozo zitachitika.[1] Kawirikawiri ana sasonyeza zizindikiro zoti akuvutika ndi zimene zinawachitikirazo, koma amatha kuchita masewera oyerekezera zoopsa zimene zinawachitikirazo.[1] Munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la PTSD amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu choti akhoza kudzipha kapena kudzivulaza mwadala.[3][4]

Anthu ambiri amene amakumana ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri pamoyo wawo sadwala matenda a PTSD.[3] Koma anthu omwe anakumana ndi zoopsazo kuchokera kwa anthu anzawo (monga kugwiriridwa kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana) nthawi zambiri amadwala matenda a PTSD, poyerekezera ndi anthu amene zoopsa osati zochitidwa ndi anthu anzawo monga ngozi kapena masoka achilengedwe.[5] Pafupifupi hafu ya anthu amene amagwiriridwa amadzayamba kudwala matenda a PTSD. [3] Koma sikawirikawiri kuti ana omwe sanafike zaka 10 adwale matendawa ngakhale atagwiriridwa. [6] Munthu amadziwika kuti ali ndi matendawa ngati akusonyeza zizindikiro zake pambuyo poti zinthu zoopsa zamuchitikira.[3]

N’zotheka kupewa matenda a PTSD ngati anthu omwe zoopsa zawachitikira ayamba kulandira uphungu mwachangu pambuyo poti zoopsazo zawachitikira, kaya ayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa kapena ayi.[3] Ndipotu uphungu ndi njira yaikulu imene imathandiza kwambiri anthu amene ali ndi vuto la PTSD. [2] Munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli angathandizidwe ndi njira zingapo.[7] Njira imodzi ndi kukonza zoti munthuyo azilandira uphungu payekha kapena pagulu.[2] Mankhwala a Antidepressants a mtundu wa selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ali m’gulu la mankhwala oyambirira amene munthu wa PTSD angapatsidwe ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti hafu ya anthu amene amapatsidwa mankhwalawa vuto lawoli limachepa.[8] Komabe kulandira uphungu kumathandiza kwambiri kuposa mmene mankhwalawa amathandizira.[3] Ndipo sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti kumwa mankhwalawa pa nthawi yomweyomweyo n'kulandira uphungu kungathandize kwambiri kuposa kutsatira njira imodzi.[3][9] Palibe umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala ingathandize, ndipo mankhwala ena monga benzodiazepines, akhoza kungowonjezera vuto.[10][11]

Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi 3.5 peresenti ya anthu akuluakulu amavutika ndi PTSD chaka chilichonse, ndipo 9 peresenti ya anthu onse m’dzikoli ali ndi matendawa kapena anadwalapo matendawa pa nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo. [1] Koma padziko lonse, pafupifupi munthu m’modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse akudwala matenda a PTSD kapena anadwalapo matendawa. [1] Ambiri mwa anthu amene amavutika ndi matendawa ndi a m’madera amene mukuchitika nkhondo.[3] Ndipo akazi ambiri amadwala matendawa poyerekezera ndi amuna.[2] Zizindikiro za matendawa zakhala zikudziwika bwino kuyambira kale kwambiri m’nthawi imene Agiriki ankalamulira dziko lonse lapansi.[12] Pa nthawi ya nkhondo zikuluzikulu za padziko lonse anthu ankatchula matendawa ndi mayina ena, monga akuti "kuopa bomba" ndiponso "kuopa nkhondo".[13] Koma dzina lachingelezi lakuti "posttraumatic stress disorder" (PTSD) linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’zaka za m’ma 1970 chifukwa choti madokotala anayamba kuona zizindikiro zofanana mwa asilikali a dziko la America amene anakamenya nkhondo ku Vietnam.[14] Pofika mu 1980, bungwe la madokotala a matenda okhudzana ndi ubongo lotchedwa American Psychiatric Association linanena zoti amenewa ndi matenda ndithu a m’gulu la matenda a maganizo ndipo analembedwa m’buku la matenda a m’gululi lotchedwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III).[15]


See also[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

Notes[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

  1. ↑ Mawu ena ovomerezeka ofanana ndi amenewa akupezeka, onani chigawo cha Mawu m'nkhaniyi.

References[Sinthani | sintha gwero]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Robert NP (November 2015). "Post-traumatic stress disorder". Bmj. 351: h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161. PMC 4663500. PMID 26611143.
  4. ↑ Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Triantafyllou K, Tarrier N (April 2015). "Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 50 (4): 525–37. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0978-x. PMID 25398198.
  5. ↑ Zoladz PR, Diamond DM (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 37 (5): 860–95. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024. PMID 23567521.
  6. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care". NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |layurl= ignored (help) Template:Open access
  7. ↑ Haagen JF, Smid GE, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ (August 2015). "The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 40: 184–94. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.008. PMID 26164548.
  8. ↑ Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, Figueira I (March 2009). "Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (2): 169–80. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004. PMC 2720612. PMID 19141307.
  9. ↑ Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R (July 2010). "Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007316. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007316.pub2. PMID 20614457.
  10. ↑ Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRHODES BJ, Nahhas RW, Welton RS (July 2015). "Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 21 (4): 281–303. doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000091. PMID 26164054.
  11. ↑ Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, van Ommeren M, de Jong J, Seedat S, Chen H, Bisson JI (February 2015). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551. PMID 25644881. Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms
  12. ↑ Carlstedt, Roland (2009). Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine Perspectives, Practices, and Research. New York: Springer Pub. Co. p. 353. ISBN 9780826110954. Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Herman, Judith (2015). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence–From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. p. 9. ISBN 9780465098736. Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Klykylo, William M. (2012). Clinical child psychiatry (3. ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. Chapter 15. ISBN 9781119967705. Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Friedman MJ (October 2013). "Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: getting here from there and where to go next". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 26 (5): 548–56. doi:10.1002/jts.21840. PMID 24151001.

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