United States of America
|
Dziko la United States of America (Chichewa) | |||
| |||
| Nyimbo ya utundu: "The Star-Spangled Banner" | |||
|
| |||
| Chinenero ya ndzika | Chingelezi | ||
| Mzinda wa mfumu | Washington D.C. | ||
| Boma | Federal presidential constitutional republic | ||
| Chipembedzo | Protestant 55%, Catholic 20%, Muslim 20% | ||
| Maonekedwe % pa madzi |
3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2) km² 4.66% | ||
| Munthu Kuchuluka: |
331,893,745 (2021) 87/sq mi (33.6/km2)/km² | ||
| Ndalama | US Dollar (MAK) | ||
| Zone ya nthawi | UTC UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11 | ||
| Tsiku ya mtundu | Julayi 4 | ||
| Internet | Code | Tel. | .mw | MWI | +1 | ||
United States of America (U.S.A. kapena USA), yomwe imadziwika kuti United States (U.S. kapena US) kapena America, ndi dziko lodutsa m'mayiko ambiri ku North America. Ili ndi zigawo 50, chigawo cha federal, madera asanu akuluakulu osaphatikizidwa, Minor Outlying Islands zisanu ndi zinayi, ndi malo 326 aku India. Ndilo dziko lachitatu pakukula kwa malo ndi malo onse.United States imagawana malire ndi Canada kumpoto kwake ndi Mexico kumwera kwake. Ili ndi malire apanyanja ndi Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, ndi mayiko ena.Ndi anthu opitilira 331 miliyoni, ndi dziko lachitatu lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Likulu la dzikolo ndi Washington, D.C., ndipo mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso likulu lazachuma ndi New York City.
Anthu a ku Paleo-aboriginals anasamuka ku Siberia kupita ku North America zaka zosachepera 12,000 zapitazo, ndipo zikhalidwe zapamwamba zinayamba kuonekera pambuyo pake. Zikhalidwe zapamwambazi zidatsala pang'ono kutsika pofika nthawi yomwe atsamunda aku Europe adafika m'zaka za zana la 16. United States idatuluka m'makoloni khumi ndi atatu aku Britain pomwe mikangano ndi Britain Crown pamisonkho komanso kuyimilira ndale idatsogolera ku America Revolution (1765-1784), yomwe idakhazikitsa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, US idayamba kukula kudutsa North America, pang'onopang'ono kupeza madera atsopano, nthawi zina kudzera munkhondo, kuthamangitsa Amwenye aku America pafupipafupi, ndikuvomereza mayiko atsopano. Pofika m’chaka cha 1848, dziko la United States linafalikira kudera lonselo kuchokera kum’mawa mpaka kumadzulo. Mkangano wokhudza mchitidwe waukapolo unafika pachimake pakupatukana kwa Confederate States of America, yomwe idamenya nkhondo yotsala ya Union panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku America (1861-1865). Ndi chigonjetso cha Union ndi kusungidwa, ukapolo unathetsedwa ndi Thirteenth Amendment.
Pofika m’chaka cha 1900, dziko la United States linali litakhala dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo nkhondo ya ku Spain ndi America komanso nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inakhazikitsa dzikoli kukhala ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse. Pambuyo pa kuukira modzidzimutsa kwa Japan pa Pearl Harbor mu 1941, dziko la United States linalowa mu Nkhondo Yadziko II kumbali ya Allied. Zotsatira za nkhondoyo zinasiya United States ndi Soviet Union kukhala maulamuliro aŵiri amphamvu padziko lonse. M’kati mwa Nkhondo Yozizira, maiko onse aŵiriwo anamenyera nkhondo kaamba ka ulamuliro wa malingaliro koma anapeŵa mikangano yachindunji yankhondo. Adachita nawo mpikisano wa Space Race, womwe udafika pachimake mu 1969 American spaceflight yomwe idafikira anthu pa Mwezi. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe lidapangitsa kuti malamulo athetsere malamulo a Jim Crow am'boma ndi am'deralo komanso tsankho lina lodziwika bwino kwa anthu aku Africa America. Kutha kwa dziko la Soviet Union mu 1991 kunathetsa nkhondo yapakamwa, ndipo dziko la United States linali lokhalo lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse. Kuukira kwa Seputembala 11 ku 2001 kudapangitsa kuti dziko la United States liyambitse nkhondo yachigawenga, yomwe idaphatikizapo Nkhondo ku Afghanistan (2001-2021) ndi Nkhondo yaku Iraq (2003-2011).
United States ndi boma la federal lomwe lili ndi nthambi zitatu za boma, kuphatikizapo malamulo a bicameral. Ndi ufulu wa demokalase ndi chuma cha msika; ili pamwamba pa miyeso yapadziko lonse ya ufulu waumunthu, ubwino wa moyo, ndalama ndi chuma, mpikisano wachuma, ndi maphunziro; ndipo ili ndi milingo yochepa ya ziphuphu zomwe zimaganiziridwa. Lili ndi kuchuluka kwa kutsekeredwa m'ndende ndi kusalingana, limalola chilango chachikulu, komanso likusowa chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse. Monga mphika wosungunuka wa zikhalidwe ndi mafuko, US idapangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri zakusamuka.
United States ndi dziko lotukuka kwambiri, ndipo chuma chake ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a GDP yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndichokwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi potengera GDP pamitengo yosinthira msika. Potengera mtengo wake, United States ndiye wotumiza kunja kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso wotumiza kunja kwachiwiri. Ngakhale kuti amawerengera 4.2% ya anthu onse padziko lapansi, US ili ndi 30% ya chuma chonse padziko lapansi, gawo lalikulu kwambiri lomwe dziko lililonse limakhala nalo. United States ndi membala woyambitsa bungwe la United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organisation of American States, NATO, ndipo ndi membala wokhazikika wa United Nations Security Council. Dzikoli limapanga ndalama zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso gulu lotsogola pazandale, zachikhalidwe komanso zasayansi.
Kubwela kwa dzina
Zambiri: Mayina a United States, Mayina a nzika za United States, Kutchula Mayiko a ku America
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyamba kwa dzina lakuti "America" kunayambira m'chaka cha 1507, pamene linawonekera pa mapu a dziko lonse opangidwa ndi wolemba mapu wa dziko la Germany Martin Waldseemüller ku Saint Dié, Lorraine (tsopano kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa France). Pa mapu ake, dzinali likusonyezedwa m’zilembo zazikulu zimene tsopano zikanatchedwa South America, kulemekeza Amerigo Vespucci. Wofufuza wa ku Italy anali woyamba kunena kuti West Indies sanali kuimira malire akum'mawa kwa Asia koma anali mbali ya malo osadziwika kale.
Kudziyimira pawokha komanso kukula koyambirira
Kuukira kwa America kunalekanitsa Atsamunda Khumi ndi Atatu kuchokera ku Ufumu wa Britain, ndipo inali nkhondo yoyamba yopambana yodziyimira pawokha ndi gulu losakhala la ku Europe motsutsana ndi mphamvu yaku Europe m'mbiri yamakono. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1800 Chidziwitso cha ku America ndi nthanthi zandale za ufulu wa anthu zinali zofala pakati pa atsogoleri. Anthu aku America adayamba kukhala ndi lingaliro la "republicanism", kunena kuti boma lidakhazikika pa chilolezo cha olamulira. Ankafuna "ufulu wawo monga Angelezi" komanso "kusapereka msonkho popanda woyimilira" [kutchulidwa kofunikira] A British adaumirira kuyang'anira madera kudzera mu Nyumba Yamalamulo yomwe inalibe woimira chigawo chilichonse cha America, ndipo mkanganowo unakula mpaka nkhondo.
Mu 1774, Bungwe Loyamba la Continental Congress linapereka bungwe la Continental Association, lomwe linalamula kuti madera onse azinyanyala katundu wa Britain. Nkhondo ya Chipulumutso ya ku America inayamba chaka chotsatira, chokhudzidwa ndi zochitika monga Stamp Act ndi Boston Tea Party zomwe zinayambira pa kusagwirizana kwaulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa Britain. Declaration of Independence pa July 4, 1776 (chaka chokondwerera Tsiku la Ufulu). Mu 1781, Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union inakhazikitsa boma lokhazikika lomwe lidagwira ntchito mpaka 1789.Kutembenuka kokondwerera koyambirira kwa nkhondo ya Amereka kunali George Washington kutsogolera mlandu wowoloka Mtsinje wa Delaware wozizira modzidzimutsa usiku wonse pa Khrisimasi 1775. Kupambana kwina pa Nkhondo ya Saratoga kunapangitsa kuti gulu lankhondo la Britain lilandidwe, ndipo adatsogolera. ku France ndi Spain kulowa nawo pankhondo yolimbana ndi a Britain. Gulu lankhondo lachiŵiri la Britain litagonja ku Siege of Yorktown mu 1781, Britain inasaina pangano la mtendere. Ulamuliro wa America unadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo dziko latsopanolo linapatsidwa gawo lalikulu kummawa kwa Mtsinje wa Mississippi, kuchokera komwe masiku ano amatchedwa Canada kumpoto ndi Florida kumwera.
Pamene zinawonekera mowonjezereka kuti Chigwirizano sichinali chokwanira kulamulira dziko latsopano, ochirikiza dziko anachirikiza ndi kutsogolera Msonkhano wa Philadelphia wa 1787 polemba Malamulo a United States kuti alowe m’malo mwake, ovomerezedwa m’misonkhano ya boma mu 1788. Kuyamba kugwira ntchito mu 1789, izi Constitution idakonzanso boma kukhala chigwirizano choyendetsedwa ndi nthambi zitatu zofanana (zoyang'anira, zamalamulo ndi zamalamulo), pamfundo yokhazikitsa macheke ndi ma balance. George Washington, yemwe adatsogolera gulu lankhondo la Continental kuti apambane, anali purezidenti woyamba kusankhidwa pansi pa malamulo atsopano. Lamulo la Ufulu, loletsa boma loletsa ufulu wa munthu komanso kutsimikizira chitetezo chalamulo, linavomerezedwa mu 1791.Kusamvana ndi Britain kunakhalabe, komabe, zomwe zidatsogolera ku Nkhondo ya 1812, yomwe idamenyedwa movutikira.
Ngakhale kuti boma la feduro linaletsa anthu a ku America kutenga nawo mbali pa malonda a akapolo a ku Atlantic mu 1807, pambuyo pa 1820, kulima mbewu ya thonje yopindulitsa kwambiri kunaphulika ku Deep South, ndipo pamodzi ndi izo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akapolo. Kudzutsidwa Kwakukulu Kwachiwiri, makamaka mu nthawi ya 1800-1840, adatembenuza mamiliyoni kukhala Chiprotestanti chauvangeli. Kumpoto, idalimbikitsa magulu angapo osintha chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikiza kuthetseratu; Kummwera, Amethodisti ndi Abaptisti adatembenuza anthu pakati pa akapolo.
Kugula kwa madera a United States pakati pa 1783 ndi 1917
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu okhala ku America anayamba kufutukuka kulowera chakumadzulo, ena a iwo ali ndi lingaliro la tsogolo lodziwika bwino. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri dera la dzikolo, Spain idapereka Florida ndi madera ena a Gulf Coast ku 1819, Republic of Texas idalandidwa mu 1845 panthawi yakukula, ndi 1846 Oregon Treaty ndi Britain inatsogolera ku U.S. kulamulira kwamakono American Northwest. Kuphatikiza apo, Trail of Misozi m'zaka za m'ma 1830s ikupereka chitsanzo cha ndondomeko yochotsa amwenye yomwe inakakamiza amwenye kukhalanso. Izi zidakulitsanso maekala omwe amalimidwa ndi makina, ndikuwonjezera zotsalira zamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zidayambitsa nkhondo zazitali za Amwenye aku America kumadzulo kwa Mtsinje wa Mississippi kuchokera ku 1810 mpaka 1890. ndipo pamapeto pake, kumenyana ndi Mexico. Zambiri mwa mikanganoyi zidatha ndi kutha kwa gawo la Native America komanso kutsekeredwa m'malo osungika amwenye.